what medications can cause a false positive for methamphetamemeswhat medications can cause a false positive for methamphetamemes

I would counsel [anyone who received a false-positive test to ask] the administrator to do a more specific test, says Dr. McFadden, who recommends samples be sent away to labs to have a more specific mass spectroscopy assay done. Labetalol can also cause a false positive for amphetamine or methamphetamine because a labetalol metabolite is structurally similar to amphetamine. Updated March 1, 2021. , including the frequency of drug use and the how fast the drug is metabolized by the body. So, if you are like most people who dont take the time to study the fine print, here is a list of prescriptions and over-the-counter medications that could cause a false positive drug test. Limit your exposure to toxins and do not spend time in toxic environments. Pract Pain Manag. If you have been on all these meds before and you have been tested clean then the only answer is the 95% rule. Heres what the experts recommend. Commonly used over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription drugs do not typically affect the accuracy of a pregnancy test. Methamphetamine has 2 isomers, d-methamphetamine and l-methamphetamine. Case reports in psychiatry, 2013, 381261. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/381261, Merigian, K. S., & Browning, R. G. (1993). Methamphetamine is illegal except when it is prescribed by a physician for a very limited number of medical conditions. Clinical Interpretation of Urine Drug Tests: What Clinicians Need to Know About Urine Drug Screens. In the 1970s, the drug was added to theschedule II listof controlled substances. 13. 1. 10 Kinetics Interaction of Microparticles in Solution (KIMS, Roche), a monoclonal antibody assay, identified possible false-positive results for chlorpromazine, clomipramine, and thioridazine. Rifampin, an antibiotic used to treat tuberculosis, can also lead to a false positive result for opiates. hCG is produced by the placenta and is present in urine from . Didrex is metabolized to methamphetamine. A poppy seed can lead to a false-positive test result because it contains naturally occurring compounds also present in morphine and codeine. 2022 Feb 17;2022:7542311. doi: 10.1155/2022/7542311. MeSH 2022 Mar 17;3(2):e12702. In addition a number of other medications and their metabolites can also cause false positive result for Methamphetamines they include; Metformin: Metformin (Glucophage) is the most commonly prescribed oral medication for diabetes. https://www.practicalpainmanagement.com/treatments/pharmacological/non-opioids/methamphetamine-urine-toxicology-depth-review, Did A Vicks Inhaler Cause My Positive Test? If you get a false positive for methamphetamine, you could simply ask to retake the test if that is allowed. Immunoassay testing for methamphetamine uses antibodies to look for certain drug metabolites (these are the compounds a drug breaks down into), and is the most common test used for initial screening. Hair drug test: Positive doesn't always mean positive. 10. October 12, 2022 by World Wide FAQS. Commonly prescribed medications and potential false-positive urine drug screens. The use of cutoff values may be particularly useful in ruling out false-positives due to passive inhalation of substances. Medically reviewed by Carmen Fookes, BPharm. Clinical interpretation of urine drug tests: what clinicians need to know about urine drug screens. Medications that have been reported to cause false-positive results for methamphetamine or amphetamine include: The easiest way to lookup drug information, identify pills, check interactions and set up your own personal medication records. Psychiatrist.com https://www.psychiatrist.com/pcc/addiction/substance-use-disorders/i-have-never-used-methamphetamine-but-my-urinalysis-says-i-do/#:~:text=1%2D4%20Common%20medications%20that,bupropion%2C%20trazodone%2C%20and%20chlorpromazine. Brunton L, Blumenthal D, Buxton I, Parker K. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Clinical Assistant Professor, Drug Information Specialist on What Can Cause A False Positive For Methamphetamines? People taking the HIV medication Sustiva (efavirenz) may obtain false positive drug test results. have been reported among those taking Sustiva. Amitriptyline. Alcohol in hand sanitizer (from heavy use), certain liquid medications, and mouthwash or other breath cleaning products could cause you to test positive for drinking alcohol. Saitman A, Park HD, Fitzgerald RL. Opiate immunoassays detect morphine and codeine, the major metabolites of heroin and a common contaminant acetylcodeine, respectively.11 Therefore, they do not reliably detect semisynthetic and synthetic opioids. that you have taken it.. Amphetamines and methamphetamines are part of an important class of drugs included in most urine drugs of abuse screening panels, and a common assay to detect these drugs is the Amphetamines II immunoassay (Roche Diagnostics). Confirmatory tests are more timely and costly and are performed by highly trained laboratory personnel. Prednisone The trazodone metabolite meta-chlorophenylpiperazine can cause false-positive urine amphetamine immunoassay results . Common ones include the EIA (Enzyme Linked Immunoassay) test and the CEDIA (Closed Enzyme Donor Immunoassay) test. This means you're not pregnant but the test says you are. Urine drug screens are the most common test (although other body fluids may be analyzed). Let outsiders enter, so our understanding of the strength of what medications can cause a false positive for methamphetamemes their students is very superficial. Clin Toxicol 2012;50(10):1174-5. thank you. A key ingredient in Sudafed (pseudoephedrine) is also the main ingredient to the making of methamphetamine. New DOT Drug Testing Cutoff Levels 2021/2022. There are chances that they show up as false positives for AMP during the test. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 94, 152126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2019.152126. 8600 Rockville Pike Labetalol: Labetalol (Trandate) is both an alpha- and beta-blocker drug used for blood pressure control. Epub 2015 Nov 2. Quetiapine, which treats schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, can wrongly show that you have methadone in . Cincinnati, OH: Procter & Gamble; 2010. Metformin is a drug commonly used to reduce the blood sugar of diabetic patients. Yes, Adderall can and will show up on a basic methamphetamine test. The test itself is simple and painless, and only requires a urine sample. Brief Summary: Background: - Some legal over-the-counter drugs (such as Vicks VapoInhaler ) and some foods (such as poppy seeds) may cause a positive screening drug test. Mebeverine (Duspatalin Retard 200 mg), an antispasmodic drug, has been described to cause false-positive amphetamine tests. Case Reports of Aripiprazole Causing False-Positive Urine Amphetamine Drug Screens in Children. Methamphetamine is easy to produce and it is a potent drug, so it remains a serious drug of abuse. J Anal Toxicol. Abstract and Figures. As medical and recreational use expands across the country, heres what your patients need to know about potential interactions, Its best to steer clear of these things while taking this blood pressure medication, Research conducted at Boston Medical Center shows that drug tests produce false positives in 5% to 10% of cases. Metformin. A comparison of the chemical structures of . Ranitidine. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. All Rights Reserved. Five common medications can cause a false positive for methamphetamine. What Does A Faint Line On A Drug Test Mean? However, antibodies may detect drug metabolites with similar structure and characteristcis, leading to false-positive results. With CBD available in everything from drink powders, to weight loss formulations, to tinctures of all types, false positive urine screenings for THC will become more and more common, warns Dr. McFadden. For example, a methamphetamine test comes back positive for methamphetamines, even though you haven't taken any. I've also heard that Claritin (the allergy medication) can,. https://dig.pharmacy.uic.edu/faqs/2021-2/may-2021-faqs/what-drugs-are-likely-to-interfere-with-urine-drug-screens/. Methamphetamine is a highly addictive and illegal psychostimulant drug that is similar to amphetamine. A drug metabolite is a remnant of the drug after being broken down by the body, and the most common metabolizer of a medication is the liver. Updated March 15, 2021. Poppy seeds. . 2012;12(10). False-positive results for methadone, opioids, phencyclidine, barbiturates, cannabinoids, and benzodiazepines were also reported in patients taking commonly used medications. Used as an antidepressant, for weight loss, and smoking . 12. The l form is available over-the-counter as the active ingredient of a specific Vicks inhaler and is a metabolite of certain prescription medications. In addition to medications, certain body washes, foods, and supplements have been associated with false-positives, which may be difficult to identify. While urine drug screening using immunoassay is convenient, the test is associated with multiple limitations. They both use similar principles. used to treat hypertension and chest pain, may result in false positive drug test results for. Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is an alternative to GC-MS and may be more time efficient. Epub 2015 Dec 13. Toxicology. HHS Publication No. Desipramine and amantadine causing false-positive urine test for amphetamine. Synthetic and semisynthetic opioids historically have not been included as part of federal workplace drug testing; however, in 2017 the U.S. DHHS released cutoffs for hydrocodone/hydromorphone and oxycodone/oxymorphone for additional testing.5. He graduated from the University At Buffalo with a Doctor of Pharmacy degree in 2010. "Our studies show that [the main targets in a hair test] can be present in hair of non . While any discovery of metabolites in hair tests is believed to be undeniable proof of marijuana use, a new study from the Institute of Forensic Medicine in Freiburg, Germany finds that it's possible to get a false positive. Several common prescriptions, over-the-counter medications, herbs, vitamins, and even some foods could trigger a false positive drug test. Subscribe to Drugs.com newsletters for the latest medication news, new drug approvals, alerts and updates. October 18, 2018. He has been featured in numerous publications including the Huffington Post as well as a variety of health and pharmacy-related blogs. Several of these medications for mental disorders can lead to false positive tests. Correspondingly, it may lead to unnecessary investigation and treatment. Often times, drugs that are NOT being tested for can react with the wrong antibody (i.e. Amphetamine positive urine toxicology screen secondary to atomoxetine. Once methamphetamine is confirmed positive by MS, a third test may be performed to ascertain the ratio between the 2 isomers of methamphetamine. The pain medication tramadol could trigger a false positive result for PCP. Eldepryl [package insert]. The temperature of urine should be between 90 to 100 degrees Fahrenheit measured within 4 minutes of collection; the pH should be consistent with the range of 4.5 to 8; the specific gravity should be between 1.002 and 1.030; and the creatinine should be greater than 20 mg/dL. The use of Dexedrine (Dextroamphetamine), Ritalin (Methylphenidate) and Adderall (made of four different amphetamine compounds) should be put on hold if . Purpose: Labetalol can also cause a false positive for amphetamine or methamphetamine because a labetalol metabolite is structurally similar to amphetamine. Sertraline (Zoloft) Sertraline is used to treat depression, panic attacks, obsessive compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, social anxiety disorder (social phobia), and a severe form of . Hair strand drug tests detect the presence of drug metabolites in the follicle. For example, testing for medication adherence would necessitate lower thresholds. A false positive can potentially lead to a loss of employment, jail time, loss of privileges under probation, revocation of medical license, and exclusion from competitive sports. Urine is most commonly used due to its ease of collection. Hemodynamic Effects of Methamphetamine and General Anesthesia. Taking Sudafed can result in a false positive for amphetamine or methamphetamine. Immunoassay tests have a significant problem with 'cross-reactivity'. Public Health Nigeria Public Health Nigeria an Interdisciplinary public health movement focused on health education, advancing fair public health policies, promoting fitness, healthy diets, responsible behavior, community health and general wellbeing. Category: Medical. (SMA) 11-4659, DAWN Series D-35. 'cross react'), resulting in a 'false positive'. This article is not medical advice. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2011. http://www.samhsa.gov/data/2k11/dawn/2k9dawned/html/dawn2k9ed.htm. If a class effect was suspected, additional agents in the category were searched. In one, , 49 out of 50 patients taking the drug tested positive for benzodiazepines. This test is more specific than immunoassay testing, as it detects drugs by molecular structure. Dr. Brian Staiger is a licensed pharmacist in New York State and the founder of the Q+A website PharmacistAnswers.com. I would appreciate it if you please leave a five star rating at the top left part of your screen, since this is the only way I have tank credit for this answer. What over the counter and prescription medicine show a false positive on methamphetamine tests? Labetalol: Labetalol (Trandate) is both an alpha- and beta-blocker drug used for blood pressure control. DMAA (1,3-dimethylamylamine), found in some dietary and weight-loss supplements. He's answered thousands of medication and pharmacy-related questions and he's ready to answer yours! The drug has been linked to false-positive drug test results for amphetamine. In 1998, the DHHS increased the cutoff for opiates from 300 ng/mL to 2000 ng/mL to avoid false positive tests from poppy seed ingestion, as well as routine prescription drug use. Cupp M. PL Detail-Document, urine drug testing. Benzodiazepine use may result in low concentration levels that are not detected on screening, which is common for clonazepam. If the patient does not have a prescription for a drug that would result in >20% d-methamphetamine, illicit use of a diverted prescription product or street methamphetamine should be considered as a source. All of the following medications have documented cases of causing a false positive for either amphetamine or methamphetamine: Amantadine. Mexiletine and False Positive Urine Drug Screen for Amphetamine: A Case Review. Methamphetamine increases synaptic dopamine, primarily by stimulating presynaptic release rather than by blocking reuptake. Results from the 2011 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings. It is usually in the fine print and most people, in my experience, dont read the material given to them by the pharmacist.. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Tolmetin: A false positive result occurs when the analytical drug detection method recognizes some of the molecules in the body as illegal drugs when you havent ingested any illegal substances. 2021 Oct 27;13(10):e19082. If abuse is suspected, urine drug tests are available to help clinicians detect its presence and intervene in order to optimize patient outcomes. Antihistamines and some sleep aids containing. ) Many medicines you can purchase at your local chemist containing pseudo-ephedrine, ephedrine, or other sympathomimetic amines tend to interfere with urine screening tests and cause false positive results for amphetamines, but do not cause positive test results in the gas chromatography/mass spectrometric, or GC/MS, confirmation, thus pose no . What Causes A False Positive For Methamphetamemes? With a valid prescription, an appointed Medical Review Officer (MRO) can rule out false positives. For example, if donor were to claim that they had a methamphetamine positive because they used a Vicks inhaler, then the lab can order a d/l isomer separation to determine if the drug present in the specimen is at least 80% l-methamphetamine. We comply with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information. An official website of the United States government. The table below is just a sampling: Drug-Testing Target. The references of each report describing a medication whose use was associated with false-positive UDS results were also reviewed. Similarly, Zoloft (sertraline) may show up as a benzodiazepine. 2023 Jan 5;2023:4370648. doi: 10.1155/2023/4370648. Various immunoassay drug tests are available on the market, and each test uses a proprietary antibody technology, leading to differences in false-positive results between tests.7 Furthermore, immunoassays may be reformulated to correct for false-positive, which may not be adequately reflected in published literature. Due to the potential for cross-reactivity associated with immunoassay urine drug screens, several prescription and non-prescription drugs have been reported to cause false-positive results.2,6 In addition to medications, several other substances have been associated with false-positives, such as baby wash products, supplements, and food. Some other medications that can cause a false-positive result can be ADHD meds such as Ritalin (methylphenidate), Quinolone antibiotics like Levofloxacin or Ofloxacin, or Metformin . and transmitted securely. And certain drugs, such as tranquilizers, anticonvulsants, or hypnotics, may also cause false-positive results. Answer. This might look like someone used illegal drugs (such as methamphetamines or opiates) when they did not. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to identify false-positive UDSs associated with all clinic formulary medications, as well as common nonprescription medications. What medications can cause a false positive for methamphetamines? No cross-reactivity was found for other . eCollection 2022 Apr. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal . Pseudoephedrine: Used for sinus and nasal congestion, pseudoephedrine (Sudafed) can be the cause of false positive tests for amphetamine or methamphetamine. are commonly prescribed for certain infections (urinary tract, sinus, etc.). The site is secure. Research conducted at Boston Medical Center shows that drug tests produce false positives in 5% to 10% of cases. (the active ingredient in Unisom) can also trigger a positive drug result for methadone, opiates, and PCP. Levofloxacin and ofloxacin are the most likely of these antibiotics to cause a false positive urine test for opiates. 3. Prescription use of propoxyphene may cause a positive test result because the cut-off concentration for propoxyphene in urine (300 ng/mL) can be reached after medical use of this drug. Moeller KE, Kissack JC, Atayee RS, Lee KC. The aim of this paper is to report the first case of atomoxetine leading to false-positive urine drug screen. Antidepressantssuch as Wellbutrin (bupropion), Prozac (fluoxetine), Seroquel (quetiapine), Effexor (venlafaxine), trazodone, and amitriptylinecould cause a false positive result for amphetamines or LSD. However, this is not the case. The effect lasts longer than with cocaine, it is cheaper, and it is easy to make with commonly available ingredients. There are several instances where you may be asked to complete a drug testemployers may require one when youre applying for a new job, or if you are a student or an athlete. Drug detection times What exactly is Captagon and why was it banned? These tests do not use antibodies and can accurately determine the exact molecule being looked for. The commonly prescribed antidepressant, trazodone, has been reported to cause false positives in 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) UDSs. For example, an immunoassay for cannabinoids that resulted in a false-positive from ibuprofen was corrected over 20 years ago. It can show up as positive for meth on a drug test though. Heres what you should know if youre prescribed this antibiotic. False-positive results To cap off the list of products and foods that can cause false positive drug tests is the most unsuspecting culpritbaby soap. The .gov means its official. In our latest question and answer, the pharmacist discusses what over the counter and prescription drugs can cause false positives for methamphetamine on drug tests. Abuse and misuse of prescription and illicit drugs is a growing concern, with 11.7% of the U.S. population over 12 years of age reporting illicit drug use in 2018, an increase from 7.9% in 2004.1,2 Drug testing is frequently used in clinical setings to identify substance-use disorders, confirm medication adherence, or identify overdoses. Ephedra can also be found in some weight loss and energy supplements. Certain medications, foods, and disease states may cause valid outliers; however, a pH <3 or >11 or a specific gravity <1.002 or >1.030 increases the suspicion for adulteration. Common over-the-counter anti-inflammatory pain medications such as. While ephedra is generally considered safe, it can cause a false positive for methamphetamines on a drug test. Immunoassay testing can be performed in a laboratory or in an office using point of care testing. Prescription methamphetamine (Desoxyn) is composed entirely of the d isomer. Metformin is a drug commonly used to reduce the blood sugar of diabetic patients. Know if the meds you are taking might cause a false positive and notify the administrator of the test. When it comes to prescriptions, warnings are available, but usually only if you look for them, says Brent McFadden, Pharm.D., the owner of Brents Pharmacy & Diabetes Care in St. George, Utah. Moeller KE, Kissack JC, Atayee RS, Lee KC. Aug 2, 2010 . doi: 10.1542/peds.2014-3333. Methamphetamine has 2 isomers, d-methamphetamine and l-methamphetamine. These tests are only 95% accurate. When a specified drug is present in a test urine sample, an antibody binds to it and produces a reaction. It is a common misconception that alcohol can cause a negative pregnancy test. The most commonly used tests to screen urine for drugs of abuse are immunoassays, even though false-positive results for drugs of abuse have been reported with a number of these rapid-screening products. Conclusion: 2,6 In addition to medications, several other substances have been associated with false-positives, such as baby wash products, supplements, and food. What drugs are likely to interfere with urine drug screens? There are a few distinct sources of methamphetamine. D-methamphetamine increases alertness, concentration, energy, and in high doses, can induce euphoria, enhance self-esteem, and increase libido. These traits make d-methamphetamine . Common over-the-counter anti-inflammatory pain medications such as Advil (ibuprofen) and Aleve (naproxen) could make you test positive for barbiturates and THC (marijuana/cannabinoids); and ibuprofen can also make you test positive for PCP. J Anal Toxicol. She took the medicine twice a day (at 8 am and 8 pm), and the last dose was administered 9 hours before ED access. Methamphetamine Intoxication and Perioperative Complications Following Orthopaedic Surgical Procedures. A saliva test can identify meth within 10 minutes after use, and it will produce positive results up to four days later If there has been an overdose, flumazenil can be used as a Table 1 Approximate detection times for a urine drug screen and substances causing false-positives Drug Detection Window Substance Causing False-Positives Alcohol 2 . Common medications like Trandate (labetalol), a beta blocker used to treat hypertension, and Cardizem (diltiazem), a calcium channel blocker used to treat hypertension and chest pain, may result in false positive drug test results for LSD. Quantification of urine drug levels Common Vitamins Supplements can cause a false positive test. Analytes. UIC's seven health sciences colleges and health care delivery enterprise. Some point-of-care testing (POCT) devices may result in a false positive for amphetamines in patients who are taking certain prescription, over-the-counter, or illicit medications. The d form is a prescription stimulant and appetite suppressant. Prescription drugs which cause false positive amphetamine tests include: Ritalin. The challenge for the laboratory is to differentiate between the d and the l isomer forms of methamphetamine. Hopefully I've answered your questions satisfactorily. Common medications that contain hCG include Pregnyl, Profasi, Novarel, and Ovidrel. Mayo Clin Proc. A possible false-positive test result for methamphetamine occurred during the laboratory testing of a parolee's urine. [PMID 23088194] Follow me on Twitter . Bookshelf Less commonly, antidepressants have been known to trigger false . Additionally, GC-MS quantifies the amount of drug present in a sample. Amitriptyline may lead to a false positive urine test for the hallucinogenic drug LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide). The first test is an immunoassay (IA) screening test for the amphetamine class of medications, which includes both amphetamines and methamphetamines. Among its few physiological effects is vasoconstriction, which makes it useful for nasal decongestion.. Additionally, it is important to note which opioids are included on an institutions standard screening, as certain opioids may require an additional order or GC-MS. Summary Positive results on urine immunoassay screening should be considered presumptive, and confirmatory testing with GC-MS should be considered to confirm the findings. They have been shown to. Methamphetamine Information for Consumers, Methamphetamine Information for Healthcare Professionals, DMAA (1,3-dimethylamylamine), found in some dietary and weight-loss supplements, DeGeorge, Jr. M, Weber J. Methamphetamine Urine Toxicology: An In-depth Review. In: Nelson LS, Howland M, Lewin NA, Smith SW, Goldfrank LR, Hoffman RS, eds. Although the affinity of the antibody for these substances is much lower than for fentanyl, if they are present at sufficiently high concentrations, they can cause a false positive result [24, 25]. "Adderall, which is a methamphetamine base. False positive results for methamphetamine occur about 10 to 15 times out of 100 tests and it is usually due to one major reason, Insufficient Laboratory Tests for Confirmation, although other reasons can be added. Verification of the test results with a different screening test or additional analytical tests should be performed to avoid adverse consequences for the patients. Furthermore, if they can prove they are taking a medicine that can produce a false positive (by producing a legitimate prescription), the administrator may schedule another test 30 to 60 days later. Esposito FM, Crumpton S, Mitchell J, Flegel RR. When a reaction occurs, it is classified as 'positive' result. government site. Adderal Also causes a false positive methamphetamine test. Analytes and their cutoffs. Both parent and metabolite compounds can be detected in the urine. Additionally, a thorough medication history should be obtained to anticipate false-positive results. One is a stimulant, the other is sedating. It is also a good idea to avoid taking any vitamins or similar supplements until you take the test. What Can Cause A False Positive For Methamphetamines, List Of Worst Foods and Drinks For Brain Health, The Benefits of Mindfulness: Sherief Abu-Moustafa Shares How To Incorporate it Into Your Life, How to Get a Medical Marijuana Card in California, How Your Blood Group Increases Your Risk Of Developing Some Diseases, WHO sends health supplies to reach 400 000 people impacted by the earthquakes in Trkiye and the Syrian Arab Republic, Longstanding WHO partners to enter into official relations with the Organization, WHO launches new roadmap on breast cancer, Celebrating World NTD day with a photo exhibit: Reframing Neglect. Although this is not a high percentage, the consequences for failing a drug test could jeopardize your career, education, or job prospects. In one study, 49 out of 50 patients taking the drug tested positive for benzodiazepines. For this reason, immunoassay testing should be considered preliminary and presumptive. Accessed April 8, 2021. Ferguson M, Borowiak E. Ask the Expert: False Positive Amphetamine Urine Screens. If youre taking labetalol, you could have a false positive test for amphetamine, methamphetamine, or LSD. Its important to note that no drug test is 100% accurate. suggests that 10% to 15% of drug tests yield false negative results. Urine: Trazodone can show up in the urine for 5 to 26 days from the last use. About 5% Of All People Fail Their Test, Are Not Guilty And Must Then Prove Their Innocence. Additionally, many enzyme immunoassays are designed to detect nordiazepam or oxazepam, metabolites of diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, and clorazepate.11 Therefore, lorazepam and clonazepam are not reliably detected by immunoassay, and GC-MS should be utilized if detection of these agents is desired. Some research has indicated that bupropion reduces the craving for methamphetamine, such as research by Thomas F. Newton and colleagues for Neuropsychopharmacology in 2006 2.

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