cesium oxide and water

Reactions of Main Group Elements with Water - Chemistry LibreTexts A common characteristic of most Alkali Metals is their ability to displace H2(g) from water. Its polarity makes it a good solvent and is commonly known as the universal solvent. Caesium hydroxide is a very strong base, and will rapidly corrode glass. The hydroxides of calcium, strontium, and barium are only slightly soluble in water; however, enough hydroxide ions are produced to make a basic environment. Cerium(III) oxide, also known as cerium oxide, cerium trioxide, cerium sesquioxide, cerous oxide or dicerium trioxide, is an oxide of the rare-earth metal cerium. Cesium - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Cesium Oxide | AMERICAN ELEMENTS The hydroxide ions combine with the bicarbonate ions in the water to produce water and a carbonate ion. [98] It has also been used in well logging devices for measuring the electron density of the rock formations, which is analogous to the bulk density of the formations. Caesium vapour is used in many common magnetometers. Short exposure to extremely large amounts of radiation might cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, bleeding, coma, and even death. [116] Radiocaesium follows potassium and tends to accumulate in plant tissues, including fruits and vegetables. Stable and radioactive cesium can enter your body from the food you eat or the water you drink, from the air you breathe, or from contact with your skin. $Be_{(s)}+2H_{2}O_{(l)} \longrightarrow$, $Ne_{(g)}+2H_{2}O_{(l)} \longrightarrow$, $Cl_{2\;(g)}+2H_{2}O_{(l)} \longrightarrow$, $Li_2O_{(s)}+2H_{2}O_{(l)} \longrightarrow$, Metal oxides form basic solutions in water. Federal agencies that develop regulations for toxic substances include the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC). In the two-electrode vacuum tube converter, caesium neutralizes the space charge near the cathode and enhances the current flow. Cesium is not mined or produced in the United States and very little is imported from other countries. Laboratory caesium hydroxide is typically a hydrate . [65], In 1860, Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff discovered caesium in the mineral water from Drkheim, Germany. However, it is unlikely that children or babies would be exposed to enough gamma radiation from a radioactive cesium source to do such damage to their bodies. Predict the products of the following reactions: status page at https://status.libretexts.org, Hydrogen fluoride (HF) and molecular oxygen (O, Birk, James P. "Predicting Inorganic Reactions.". Radioactive isotopes are constantly decaying or changing into different isotopes by giving off radiation. Lithium burns with a strongly red-tinged flame if heated in air; in pure oxygen, the flame is more intense. [80] Caesium clocks regulate the timing of cell phone networks and the Internet.[81]. profile for cesium. [69], Alternatively, caesium metal may be obtained from the purified compounds derived from the ore. Caesium chloride and the other caesium halides can be reduced at 700 to 800C (1,292 to 1,472F) with calcium or barium, and caesium metal distilled from the result. A becquerel is the amount of radioactive material in which 1 atom transforms every second. The half-life is the time it takes for half of that cesium isotope to give off its radiation and change into a different element. A number of people in Brazil, who handled radioactive cesium that was scavenged from a medical machine used for radiation therapy, became sick from exposure to the radiation; a few of them died. Cesium Hydroxide Hydrate is a water soluble Cesium source for use in oxygen-sensitive applications, such as metal production. You must also consider the other chemicals you're exposed to and your age, sex, diet, family traits, lifestyle, and state of health. Both stable and radioactive cesium are the same element and behave in a similar manner chemically and in the body. Larger pieces of potassium produce a lilac flame. It is difficult to determine if a person has been exposed only to external radiation from radioactive cesium. [71], From the caesium chloride, the two scientists estimated the atomic weight of the new element at 123.35 (compared to the currently accepted one of 132.9). Sometimes cesium is used as a getter for residual gas impurities in vacuum tubes and as a coating in tungsten filaments or cathodes of the tubes. : 13233 CAS-No 12260-45-6 Synonyms No information available Recommended Use Laboratory chemicals. In addition, if babies were to be exposed to enough radiation while in their mothers womb during the time when their nervous system is rapidly developing, they could experience changes in their brains that could result in changes in behavior or decreased mental abilities. This solid dissolves in the water producing a metal ion (M+2) and hydroxide ions (OH-). Federal Guidance for Radiation Protection. for use in medical devices and gauges. However, this only applies to the lower half of the group, in which the metal ions are large and have a low charge density. Cesium compounds do not react violently with air or water and are generally very soluble in water. Animals given very large doses of cesium compounds have shown changes in behavior, such as increased activity or decreased activity, but it is highly unlikely that you would breathe, eat, or drink amounts of stable cesium large enough to cause similar effects. [12], Roasting pollucite with calcium carbonate and calcium chloride yields insoluble calcium silicates and soluble caesium chloride. Water is composed of two hydrogen atoms and an oxygen atom. 2Na(s) + 2H 2 O(l) 2NaOH(aq) . The reaction of these metal hydrides can be described below: \[MH_{2(s)}+2H_2O_{(l)} \longrightarrow M(OH)_{2(aq)}+2H_{2(g)} \label{7} \]. (3) Cs(g) Cs(aq); #H_"hydr"# = -276 kJ/mol. These sites make up the National Priorities List (NPL) and are the sites targeted for long-term federal cleanup activities. Scientists have the responsibility to treat research animals with care and compassion. Steel cans are made of tinplate (tin-coated steel) or of tin-free steel. From this mixture, the lithium was precipitated by ammonium carbonate. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. It has a particularly convenient Feshbach spectrum to enable studies of ultracold atoms requiring tunable interactions. Industrial gauges that detect the flow of liquid through pipes. Water treatment plants are able to remove the precipitated metal carbonate and thus soften the water. Studies utilizing metal oxides adsorbents such as titanium oxide are well documented [32], [33], . Regulations can be enforced by law. Cesium (chemical symbol Cs) is a soft, flexible, silvery-white metal that becomes liquid near room temperature, but easily bonds with chlorides to create a crystalline powder. Read the section on the reactions of Cesium with water, and of Cesium Hydroxide with biological materials. Its reduced derivative . Cookies used to enable you to share pages and content that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other websites. On average, a person swallows about 10 g of stable cesium per day in food and water, and breathes about 0.025 g per day. Chloride into water 2. zinc acetate and cesium /a > 1 strontium react with liquid water = 2Cs + ! Legal. Alkali metals react with oxygen to form monoxides, peroxides, or superoxides. It is also one of the byproducts of nuclear fission processes in nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons testing. Annual Limits on Intake (ALIs) for on-the-job exposure are 100 Ci (1x102 Ci) for 134Cs and 200 Ci (2x102 Ci) for 137Cs. Cerium(IV) oxide, also known as ceric oxide, ceric dioxide, ceria, cerium oxide or cerium dioxide, is an oxide of the rare-earth metal cerium. Plants and vegetation growing in or nearby contaminated soil may take up small amounts of Cs-137 from the soil. It is also used in the catalytic conversion of sulfur dioxide into sulfur trioxide in the production of sulfuric acid.[12]. For the most part, Group 14 elements do not react with water. The other type of hard water is permanent hard water. Many of these chemical reactions behave in trends that can be categorized using the periodic table. You are unlikely to be exposed to high levels of radioactive cesium unless there is a fuel meltdown and accidental release at a nuclear power plant or a nuclear weapon has been detonated. Plants and animals contain cesium at concentrations of about 1-300 ng/g. Cesium reacts with cold water to form hydrogen gas and a solution of cesium ions and hydroxide ions. The level of cesium in air and water is generally very low. \[MO_{(s)}+H_2O_{(l)} \longrightarrow M(OH)_{2(s)} \label{6}\]. L. R. Koller described the first modern photoemissive surface in 192930 as a layer of caesium on a layer of caesium oxide on a layer of silver. [71] The pure metal was eventually isolated by the Swedish chemist Carl Setterberg while working on his doctorate with Kekul and Bunsen. The equation for the formation of the peroxide is like the sodium equation above: \[ 2K + O_2 \rightarrow K_2O_2 \label{5}\]. After conversion to the nitrates and extraction with ethanol, a sodium-free mixture was obtained. Exceptionally pure and gas-free caesium can be produced by 390C (734F) thermal decomposition of caesium azide CsN3, which can be produced from aqueous caesium sulfate and barium azide. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Laboratories use special techniques to measure the amount of cesium in body fluids such as blood and urine, as well as in feces or other human samples. The unit cell axes are shown in black. This is most effective if the positive ion is small and highly charged (if it has a high charge density, or a lot of charge packed into a small volume). We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Hypobromous ($\ce{HOBr}$) acid is a weak bleaching agent. [4] How does the activation energy affect reaction rate? Burning caesium in excess oxygen will produce caesium superoxide. These species react with water in different ways: \[\ce{M2O(s) + 2H2O(l) \longrightarrow 2M^{+}(aq) + 2OH^{-} (aq)} \label{1}\], \[\ce{M2O2(s) + 2H2O(l) \longrightarrow 2M^{+}(aq) + 2OH^{-} (aq) + H2O2(aq)} \label{2}\], \[\ce{2MO2 (s) + 2H2O(l) \longrightarrow 2M^{+}(aq) + 2OH^{-} (aq) + H2O2 (aq) + O2(g)} \label{3}\]. [Cs 6 O] coordination polyhedra are shown as grey transparent octahedra. The International System of Units (SI) defines the second as the duration of 9,192,631,770 cycles at the microwave frequency of the spectral line corresponding to the transition between two hyperfine energy levels of the ground state of caesium-133. These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. This public health statement tells you about cesium and the effects of exposure. [103], Caesium nitrate is used as an oxidizer and pyrotechnic colorant to burn silicon in infrared flares,[104] such as the LUU-19 flare,[105] because it emits much of its light in the near infrared spectrum. Write an equation to show how cesium oxide can react with water to form a base. [77], Caesium metal is one of the most reactive elements and is highly explosive in the presence of water. So Cs reacts extremely fast and you get an explosion. The wicked water is now being collected in large tanks that were hastily built near the wrecked reactors. [96][97] Caesium-137 has been employed in a variety of industrial measurement gauges, including moisture, density, levelling, and thickness gauges. solid cesium reacts with solid cesium nitrite to form solid cesium oxide and nitrogen gas. The amount of cesium in drinking water is ordinarily about 1 microgram (1 microgram equals 1/1,000,000 of a gram) per liter of water (g/L). Forming complicated oxides from the metals releases more energy and makes the system more energetically stable. [12], The metal can also be isolated by electrolysis of fused caesium cyanide (CsCN). How can I draw activation energy in a diagram? Temporary hard water contains bicarbonate (HCO3-) which forms CO3-2(aq), CO2(g), and H2O when heated. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Secure .gov websites use HTTPS Furthermore, the consequences of external exposure to gamma radiation and beta particles are not unique to 137Cs and 134Cs, but are very similar for all gamma and beta emitting radionuclides. Safety Data Sheet For more information, call the ATSDR Information Center at 1-800-232-4636. Medical radiation therapy devices for treating cancer. Cesium-137 is used in small amounts for calibration of radiationdetection equipment, such as Geiger-Mueller counters. [93] It has been used in agriculture, cancer treatment, and the sterilization of food, sewage sludge, and surgical equipment. [115] The principal use of nonradioactive caesium is as caesium formate in petroleum drilling fluids because it is much less toxic than alternatives, though it is more costly. It reacts with water to form hydrogen peroxide and caesium . This is because enough heat is given off during the exothermic reaction to ignite the H2(g). At the top of the group, the small ions with a higher charge density tend to polarize the more complicated oxide ions to the point of disintegration. Group 13 elements are not very reactive with water. caesium oxide caesium peroxide: Other cations. In some examples, the cesium tungsten oxide nanoparticles and zwitterionic stabilizer may be present in the previously mentioned water-based dispersion, which is incorporated (as a pigment. Now imagine bringing a small positive ion close to the peroxide ion. One curie is the amount of radioactive material in which 37 billion atoms transform every second; this is approximately equivalent to the radioactivity of 1 gram of radium. CESIUM (Data in metric tons of cesium oxide unless otherwise noted) Domestic Production and Use: In 2019, no cesium was mined domestically, and the United States was 100% . Furthermore, it is biodegradable and may be recycled, which is important in view of its high cost (about $4,000per barrel in 2001). Caesium was not recognized as a high-performance industrial metal until the 1950s. The superoxide ($O_2^-$) ions are even more easily pulled apart; these are only stable in the presence of the large ions toward the bottom of the group. Cesium-137 is produced by nuclearfissionfissionThe splitting of an atomic nucleus into at least two other nuclei with the release of a relatively large amount of energy. Though not commercially feasible, the ore can be directly reduced with potassium, sodium, or calcium in vacuum to produce caesium metal directly. In reality, the product was probably a colloidal mixture of the metal and caesium chloride. But people exposed to radioactive cesium that has been widely dispersed in air, water, soil, or foods following nuclear bombings or accidents have not been exposed to amounts large enough to cause the same effects. This information is important because this substance may harm you. C2H50H reacts with cold water to form solid calcium oxide and gaseous carbon dioxide gas and water formed! These factors include the dose (how much), the duration (how long), and how you come in contact with it. Examples include phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid. Bromine liquid dissolves slowly in water to form a yellowish-brown solution. [12] Xenon was used in the experimental spacecraft Deep Space 1 launched in 1998. One interesting consequence of this is that tin (Sn) is often sprayed as a protective layer on iron cans to prevent the can from corroding. $Cl_{2\;(g)}+2H_{2}O_{(l)} \longrightarrow HOCl_{(aq)} + H^+_{(aq)} + Cl^-_{(aq)}$, $Li_2O_{(s)}+2H_{2}O_{(l)} \longrightarrow 2LiOH_{(aq)}$, Trevor Landas (University of California, Davis). In larger amounts, Cs-137 is used in: External exposure to large amounts of Cs-137 can cause burns, acute radiation sickness and even death. [17], The isotopes 134 and 137 are present in the biosphere in small amounts from human activities, differing by location. Animal testing may also be used to identify health effects such as cancer or birth defects. [86], The element is used as an internal standard in spectrophotometry. The amount of radioactive cesium in food and milk is highly dependent upon several factors. Your doctor might need to ask your state health department to investigate. Electrons in the peroxide ion will be strongly attracted toward the positive ion. Cs2O + H2O = CsOH | Cesium oxide react with water - ChemiDay.com It forms yellow-orange hexagonal crystals. In the case of a radioactive chemical, it is also important to gather information concerning the radiation dose and dose rate to the body. Stable cesium is not likely to affect the health of children, but large amounts of gamma radiation, from sources such as radioactive cesium, could damage cells and might also cause cancer. If you have questions or concerns, please contact your community or state health or environmental quality department or: For more information, contact: Details of the supplier of the safety data sheet This can occur with other alkali metals, but caesium is so potent that this explosive reaction can be triggered even by cold water. Caesium oxide is used in photocathodes to detect infrared signals in devices such as image intensifiers, vacuum photodiodes, photomultipliers, and TV camera tubes [3] L. R. Koller described the first modern photoemissive surface in 1929-30 as a layer of caesium on a layer of caesium oxide on a layer of silver. Is there a medical test to determine whether i have been exposed to cesium? Cerium(III) oxide - Wikipedia No known taste or odor is associated with cesium compounds. [12], The high density of the caesium ion makes solutions of caesium chloride, caesium sulfate, and caesium trifluoroacetate (Cs(O2CCF3)) useful in molecular biology for density gradient ultracentrifugation. You would probably experience similar effects if you were exposed to any other substance with similar radioactivity. ATSDR can also tell you the location of occupational and environmental health clinics. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. Generally halogens react with water to give their halides and hypohalides. Caesium compounds may provide a faster response (CsF) and be less hygroscopic (CsI). Cesium is a naturally-occurring element found in rocks, soil, and dust at low concentrations. Oxide compounds are not conductive to electricity. The reaction continues even when the solution becomes basic. Its advantages include a half-life of roughly 30 years, its availability from the nuclear fuel cycle, and having 137Ba as a stable end product. The becquerel is a new international unit known as the SI unit, and the curie is an older, traditional unit; both are currently used. Cesium is also used in highly accurate atomic clocks. Natural cesium is present in the environment in only one stable form, as the isotope 133Cs. Because fluorine ($\ce{F2}$) is so electronegative, it can displace oxygen gas from water. The fuel was ionized by contact with a charged tungsten electrode. The alkaline earth metals were precipitated either as sulfates or oxalates, leaving the alkali metal in the solution. [110], Nonradioactive caesium compounds are only mildly toxic, and nonradioactive caesium is not a significant environmental hazard. If caesium is burned in air, the result is mainly formation of orange caesium superoxide, CsO 2. Metal and . The ionization energy (2) is the smallest of the alkali metals. Potassium, rubidium, and caesium form insoluble salts with chloroplatinic acid, but these salts show a slight difference in solubility in hot water, and the less-soluble caesium and rubidium hexachloroplatinate ((Cs,Rb)2PtCl6) were obtained by fractional crystallization. [78] Alkali formates are safe to handle and do not damage the producing formation or downhole metals as corrosive alternative, high-density brines (such as zinc bromide ZnBr2 solutions) sometimes do; they also require less cleanup and reduce disposal costs. The federal government develops regulations and recommendations to protect public health. In this event, the Group 1 metal is oxidized to its metal ion and water is reduced to form hydrogen gas and hydroxide ions. 12H2O). Based on eye irritation, the NIOSH has established a recommended exposure limit (REL) for cesium hydroxide of 2 mg/m3 as a timeweighted average (TWA) for up to a 10-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek. [100], Caesium and mercury were used as a propellant in early ion engines designed for spacecraft propulsion on very long interplanetary or extraplanetary missions. [12][94] Radioactive isotopes of caesium in radiation devices were used in the medical field to treat certain types of cancer,[95] but emergence of better alternatives and the use of water-soluble caesium chloride in the sources, which could create wide-ranging contamination, gradually put some of these caesium sources out of use. However, the relatively low concentrations of stable cesium do not warrant any immediate steps to reduce exposure. This reaction can be generalized to all alkali metal hydrides. Using larger amounts of sodium or burning it in oxygen gives a strong orange flame. The interaction mechanism of cesium with water on the SrTiO3(100 The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Known year-to-year variation within that period allows correlation with soil and sediment layers. Other industrial devicesthat measure the thickness of materials such as paper or sheets of metal. This substance is often used to treat water and to remove harmful $SO_{2(g)}$ from industrial smokestacks. Once again, these are strongly exothermic reactions and the heat produced inevitably decomposes the hydrogen peroxide to water and more oxygen. solid cesium with liquid water balanced equation - Las Palmas Forming the superoxide has an even greater enthalpy change. A small portion is also released in the feces. Caesium-137 is a radioisotope commonly used as a gamma-emitter in industrial applications. The equation for the reaction can be written as follow: Caesium => Cs Caesium nitrite => CsNO cesium oxide => CsO nitrogen gas => N Caesium + Caesium nitrite > Caesium oxide + Nitrogen gas Cs + CsNO > CsO + N If you need to go back and make any changes, you can always do so by going to our Privacy Policy page. \[ X_2O + H_2O \rightarrow 2X^+_{(aq)} + OH^-_{(aq)} \label{9}\], \[ X_2O + 2HCl \rightarrow 2XCl + H_2O \label{10}\], \[ 2XO_2 + 2H_2O \rightarrow 2XOH + H_2O_2 + O_2 \label{14}\], \[ 2XO_2 + 2HCl \rightarrow 2XCl + H_2O_2 + O_2 \label{15}\]. CESIUM (Data in metric tons of cesium oxide unless otherwise noted) Domestic Production and Use: In 2020, no cesium was mined domestically, and the United States was 100% . [91] Doping with caesium compounds enhances the effectiveness of several metal-ion catalysts for chemical synthesis, such as acrylic acid, anthraquinone, ethylene oxide, methanol, phthalic anhydride, styrene, methyl methacrylate monomers, and various olefins. [12], Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) power-generating systems were researched, but failed to gain widespread acceptance. Toxicological You can be exposed to stable or radioactive cesium by breathing air, drinking water, or eating food containing cesium. A shorter version, the ToxFAQs, Both superoxides are described as either orange or yellow, but rubidium superoxide can also be dark brown. The products of this reaction include oxygen gas and hydrogen fluoride. The compound reacts violently with water, yielding caesium hydroxide, metallic gold, and hydrogen gas; in liquid ammonia it can be reacted with a caesium-specific ion exchange resin to produce tetramethylammonium auride. Description. This page titled Reactions of Group I Elements with Oxygen is shared under a CC BY-NC 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Jim Clark. Cesium orthomolybdate Cs 2 MoO 4, together with Cs 2 UO 4 mentioned already, is one of the main components of the joint oxide gain, the multicomponent phase that forms in fast neutrons reactors in the space between fuel and cladding [8-10].Cs 2 MoO 4 shows a phase transition at T tr =(841.31.0) K and melts at T fus =(1229.50.2) K [66].Several authors have measured the vapor pressure . Similarly to the Group 1 oxides, the hydrides of the Group 1 elements react with water to form a basic solution. Cesium oxide is a hygroscopic yellow-orange solid that can be reduced to elemental cesium in a reaction with magnesium metal. In such cases, follow the advice of public health officials who will publish guidelines for reducing exposure to radioactive material when necessary. Recommendations and regulations are also periodically updated as more information becomes available. [106] Caesium compounds may have been used as fuel additives to reduce the radar signature of exhaust plumes in the Lockheed A-12 CIA reconnaissance aircraft. Solved Metal oxides can react with water to form bases. | Chegg.com This information is important because exposure to this substance may harm you and because these sites may be sources of exposure. The hydrogen gas produced by the reaction is heated by the thermal energy released at the same time, causing ignition and a violent explosion. Uses advised against Food, drug, pesticide or biocidal product use. . is also available. 2004. [121][122] Experiments with dogs showed that a single dose of 3.8 millicuries (140MBq, 4.1g of caesium-137) per kilogram is lethal within three weeks;[123] smaller amounts may cause infertility and cancer. So the activation energy for Cs is the lowest, mainly because of its low ionization energy. Cesium | Public Health Statement | ATSDR - Centers for Disease Control Granites contain an average cesium concentration of about 1 part of cesium in a million parts of granite (ppm) and sedimentary rocks contain about 4 ppm. The two types of hard water include temporary hard water and permanent hard water. \[\ce{Cl2(g) + 2H2O(l) HCl(aq) + HOCl(aq)}\]. It is one in a series of Public Health Statements about hazardous substances and their health effects. Without laboratory animals, scientists would lose a basic method to get information needed to make wise decisions to protect public health. How can I draw a simple energy profile for an exothermic reaction in which 100 kJ mol-1 is Why is the respiration reaction exothermic? Cesium Hydroxide Hydrate | AMERICAN ELEMENTS Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caesium_monoxide&oldid=1070844348, This page was last edited on 9 February 2022, at 15:30. Both the curie (Ci) and the becquerel (Bq) describe the rate of decay and tell us how much a radioactive material decays every second. Both the oxide and suboxides are brightly coloured. [77] Caesium formate brine can be blended with potassium and sodium formates to decrease the density of the fluids to that of water (1.0g/cm3, or 8.3pounds per gallon). Reaction of Superoxides with water: In this reaction, a solution of the metal hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide is formed, but oxygen gas is also generated. Uses: The thermal decomposition of the azide is employed as a method of producing extremely pure, oxygen-free cesium. General Chemistry: Principles & Modern Applications. Some of the cesium that your body absorbs can remain in your body for weeks or months, but is slowly eliminated from your body through the urine and feces. Cesium binds strongly to most soils and does not travel far below the surface of the soil. PDF Cesium - USGS Depending on the period of the metal, a different type of oxide is formed when the metal is burned .

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cesium oxide and watercesium oxide and water