when was the south fork dam builtwhen was the south fork dam built

The flood met its first serious resistance at the Pennsylvania Railroads Stone Bridge, which saved the lives of thousands by not breaking. South Fork Dam. As the flood was going through towns towards the Johnstown, it was destroying trees, homes, boxcars and even locomotives and carrying them along with the water. Browse 42 SOUTH FORK DAM stock photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images. The resulting flood wave thatcontained 20 million tons ofwater and debris caused 2,209fatalities and became known asthe Johnstown Flood. Parke was caught in a painful dilemma. The residents of Johnstown heard the speeding wall of death, a roar like thunder. The death toll of the Johnstown Flood was worse because the town was already flooded. Hey Friend, Before You Go.. Money poured in, too. The canal system was obsolete by the time the dam was completed in 1853. 1847-The half-completed South Fork Dam failed for the first time. Over 2,200 people - more than one in five residents of Johnstown - perished in the flood caused by the failure of South Fork Dam, nine miles upstream. Unfortunately, the telegraph lines that would send the warning to Johnstown were down. On February 5, 1904, the Cambria Freeman reported, under the headline "Will Pass Out of History": The South Fork Hunting and Fishing Club, owners of the Conemaugh Reservoir at the time of the Great Flood, will soon pass out of history as an organization with the sale of all its personal effects remaining in the clubhouse at the reservoir site. From its large porch, members could watch the clubs two steam yachts setting off on excursion trips. When the South Fork Dam Broke, a Pennsylvania City Washed Away. He promoted this idea to Henry Clay Frick, a friend of his, who was one of the wealthy elite group of powerful men who controlled Pittsburgh's steel, rail and other industries. A dam was built in 1840 on the Little Conemaugh River, 14 miles . Technical paper published by Association of State Dam Safety Officials, Newspaper article published by the Tribune-Democrat, Author: H. Unrau, U.S. National Park Service, Presentation at Oregon Dam Safety Conference, Author: N. Coleman, U. Kaktins, & S. Wojno. The failure released an estimated 14.3 million tons of water from Lake Conemaugh, wreaking devastation along the valley of South Fork Creek and the Little Conemaugh River as it flowed about a dozen miles downstream to Johnstown, Pennsylvania, at the confluence of the Little Conemaugh and Stonycreek rivers form the Conemaugh River, a tributary of the Allegheny River. They determined that contrary to the clubs claims, the dam had been lowered by three feet, not one, and that the changes reduced the dams ability to discharge stormwater by half. It was all over in ten minutes. The South Fork Dam was built to provide water for the operation of the Western Division of the Pennsylvania Mainline Canal between Johnstown and Pittsburgh. Johnstown was home to more than 30,000 people in 1889 and many of them worked in the booming steel industry. Retrieved from the Digital Public Library of America, Last edited on 10 September 2022, at 20:32, U.S. National Register of Historic Places, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, "'It's still controversial': Debate rages over culpability of wealthy club members" by David Hurst. White, E. A. Myers, C. C. Hussey, D. R. Ewer, C. A. Carpenter, W. L. Dunn, W. L. McClintock, and A. V. (2013). Each case was "either settled or discontinued and, as far as is known, no one bringing action profited thereby. Though thedam had been built according to accepted engineering practices, the canal system was obsolete by the time the dam was completed in 1853. (2013). Once it came into the hands of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club, they modified it to their recreational interests. [citation needed]. The following is from: Historic Structures Report Appendices: Clubhouse, Brown Cottage, Moorhead Cottage, Clubhouse Annex written for the National Park Service. Presentation published by U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. There was one small drawback to living in the city. USACE. Support for victims came from all over the United States and 18 foreign countries. Although the South Fork Dam was completed in 1988, the reservoir was not completely filled until 1995, making the reservoir the newest one in the state as of this writing. Everywhere people were hanging from rafters or clinging to rooftops as railcars were swept downstream, frantically trying to keep their balance as their rafts pitched in the flood. Soldiers look over Johnstown from Kernville Hill. It would be the most devastating flood of the 19th century in the United States. This plume of water is the low level outlet, which ensures sufficient water flow for cutthroat trout in . Represents a district that is made up of a large portion of eastern Nevada, including parts of Elko, Eureka, and Nye counties, and all of Lincoln and White Pine counties. A rendering of the scene at the Stone Bridge. Additionally, a previous owner had removed and sold for scrap the three cast iron discharge pipes that previously allowed a controlled release of water. A souvenir stands sells flood memorabilia. The flood ended up being the deadliest in American history. The lake had a perimeter of seven miles (11km) and could hold 14.3 million tons of water. In modern times, this former library is owned by the Johnstown Area Heritage Association, and houses the Flood Museum. By the year of 1889, the dam was in bad condition and in desperate need of repair. An engineer who saw the situation of dam, immediately rode a horse towards the village of South Fork to warn the . Soldiers sit on a hill overlooking Johnstown, Pennsylvania after the 1889 flood. 1879-11-17. pg 7. Under Ruffs ownership the area became the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Clubof which elite members included Andrew Carnegie and Henry Frick. In just 40 minutes, 1600 homes turned into debris and thousands of people died and their corpses floated away. Holmes. The South Fork Dam was originally built between 1838-1853 by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania as part of the canal system to be used as a reservoir for the state's Main Line of Public Works canal basin in Johnstown. Completed structure. 1 Its purpose was to hold water for the canal during dry seasons. Switch to the light mode that's kinder on your eyes at day time. There were two primary conjectures about who was to blame: former Congressman John Reilly and the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club. Among the dead were 99 entire families. There had been some speculation as to the dam's integrity, and concerns had been raised by the head of the Cambria Iron Works downstream in Johnstown. There, thousands of tons of debris scraped from the valley along with a good part of Johnstown, piled up against the arches. They picnicked, swam and fished, puffing on cigars and taking advantage of a rare chance to relax. Forest Road 277 over South Fork of the Snake; . Thats when a dam altered by the exclusive club burst, and the unthinkable happened. The committees analysis led to the conclusion thatalterations to the structure made during the repair of the dam by Ruff and theSouth Fork Fishing and Hunting Club led to the reduction of its spillway capacityand eventual overtopping. I recently found aerial photography from 1952 showing a free flowing north and south fork of the American River. FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. However, they failed to properly maintain the dam, and as a result, heavy rainfall on the eve of the disaster meant that the structure was not strong enough to hold the excess water. The flood also provided the newly formed American Red Cross under the leadership of Clara Barton with its first test. Major Historical Dam Failures with Modes of Failure. A spillway at the dam became clogged with debris that could not be dislodged. In the aftermath, bodies were found as far away as Cincinnati, Ohiomore than 400 miles away. Many bodies were never identified, and hundreds of the missing were never found. That's when a dam altered by the exclusive club burst, and the unthinkable happened. When an unusually strong storm hit the area on May 28, 1889, pounding the area with between six and 10 inches of water in just 24 hours, water levels at the dam began to rise. Frick built the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club around the private lake held back by the South Fork dam. As a result, it flooded at least . The original 918-foot-long ( 280-meter-long) structure stood 72 feet (22 meters) high and was built in 1852. The dam eventually gave way and the heavy water poured into the valley. An engineer at the dam saw warning signs of an impending disaster and rode a horse to the village of South Fork to warn the residents. The water took its natural course, dropping 450 feet in 14 miles, at times 70 to 75 feet high, and reaching speeds of 40 miles per hour. How was his response different? Major Historical Dam Failures with Modes of Failure. At approximately 3:00 pm on May 31, 1889, the South Fork Dam gave way, unleashing 20 million tons of water into the valley below. The $17 million in damage (more than $4.4 billion in current dollars) included 1,600 obliterated homes and four square miles of complete destruction. 1600 homes were destroyed, $17 million in property damage levied (approx. 5. By 1881 the dam had been repaired, without the benefit of an engineer,and the reservoir filled to capacity to form the now nearly three-mile-long Lake Conemaugh. Auctioneer George Harshberger has announced that the sale will take place on Thursday, the 25th inst., at the clubhouse, when the entire furnishings will be disposed of at auction. (Photo credit: Library of Congress / Getty Images). He talks about their lodging at Kootenai Angler and that time when they built their first rental cabin in '92 under $15,000. Morrell's warnings went unheeded, and his offer to effect repairs, partially at his own expense, was rejected by club president, Benjamin F. Ruff (who died two years prior to the flood). Morrell joined the club to further express his concerns. South Fork was the first town to be hit by this water; most people managed to . [2] Ruff, while he was not a civil engineer, had a background that included being a railroad tunnel contractor and supervised the repairs to the dam, which did not include a successful resolution of the inability to discharge the water and substantially lower the lake for repair purposes. But the most harrowing experience for hundreds came at the old stone railroad bridge below the junction of the rivers. Just 40 minutes later the Lake was empty; all the water had escaped through the broken dam. Programs: Information about program scheduling may be obtained from either park staff or kiosks. Lexington, KY 40508, 2023 Copyright Association of State Dam Safety Officials. However, according to modern research conducted by, among others, University of Pittsburgh instructor Neil M. Coleman,[7] the report was delayed, subverted, and whitewashed, before being released two years after the disaster. Until May 31, 1889, that is. The South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club was a Pennsylvania corporation which operated an exclusive and secretive retreat at a mountain lake near South Fork, Pennsylvania, for more than fifty extremely wealthy men and their families. 9/2022. Reconstructionincluded lowering the dam crestby approximately two feet toallow for carriage travel acrossit, placing a mesh screen withinthe spillway to prevent the lossof fish during flows through it,and repairing the washed outportion of the dam with randomfill that consisted of clay, brush,and hay. Thats changed in modern years as scientists and historians work to reconstruct what happened during the fateful flood. In 1889, Johnstown was home to 30,000 people, many of whom worked in the steel industry. In the list to be disposed of are fifty bedroom suites, many yards of carpet, silverware and table ware with the club monogram engraved thereon and many odd pieces of furniture and bric-a-brac. This disaster is known as the Johnstown Flood. When the South Fork Dam burst on May 31, 1889, the population of Johnstown had already spent their day dealing with floodwaters. (1)Mills, K. (2013). That same year, Pennsylvania called on engineer Sylvester Welch to find a spot for a feeder reservoir and he selected a spot on the South Fork Creek for construction of the South Fork Dam and Western Reservoir. According to HISTORY, when the dam was built in the 1840s, it was the largest earth dam in the United States . The South Fork Dam. The dam was sold to the railroad, which then sold it to private owners. With a volumetric flow rate that temporarily equaled the average flow rate of the Mississippi River, the flood killed more than 2,200 people. The capacity of the spillwaywas decreased significantly by the lowering of the dam crest and thereby reducingthe freeboard. 1834-During the canal's first season, it was realized that the Conemaugh River could be problematic during drought situations. To use social login you have to agree with the storage and handling of your data by this website. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}402053N 784633W / 40.348092N 78.775730W / 40.348092; -78.775730, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Fork_Dam&oldid=1136217234, This page was last edited on 29 January 2023, at 08:31. It was the deadliest non-hurricane flood in American history, and people wanted answers. In court, they claimed that they only lowered the dam by one foot and that the flood was an act of God. Individuals who sued all lost in court, and some even went bankrupt. 1853-South Fork Dam and Western Reservoir deemed ready for operation. This dam was built in 1840 as a reservoir for the Pennsylvania Mainline Canal. And this even though the South Fork dam was built of earth rather than rock because it was cheap to hire people to move dirt. Part of the St. Michael neighborhood, and most of Creslo, of the town St. Michael-Sidman, Pennsylvania now sits on the bed of the former Lake Conemaugh. Their secret retreat was a place to fish, hunt and consolidate their power. . He also talks about the impoundment of Libby Dam in 1974, which created a 90-mile lake and became home to various species of fish, including Kokanee salmon, rainbows, and cutthroats. There were discharge pipes in place at the base of the dam, allowing the water level to be controlled. Thousands of people desperately tried to escape the wave, but they were slowed as in a nightmare by the two to seven feet of water already covering parts of town. Public indignation at that failure prompted the development in American law changing a fault-based regime to one of strict liability. Over the years, some people worried about the72-foot-high earthen dam, one of the largest earthen dams in the world, causing one resident to remark: No one could see the immense height to which that artificial dam had been built without fearing the tremendous power of the water behind it., Others wondered and asked why the dam had not been strengthened, as it certainly had become weak, making Johnstown vulnerable. Here you'll find all collections you've created before. On May 31, 1889, the dam burst and led to a massive disaster involving the loss of 2,209 human lives. The flood struck the Johnstown with devastating force along with heavy wind and blew the buildings and homes. 1863-Canal between Johnstown and Blairsville was closed meaning there was no longer a viable reason to maintain the South Fork Dam. One observer from a hill above the town said the streets grew black with people running for their lives. Some remembered reaching the hills and pulling themselves out of the flood path seconds before it overtook them. The disaster became widely known as the Johnstown Flood, and locally known as the "Great Flood". However,Benjamin Ruff, thefirst president of the South Fork Club, responded by saying:You and your people are in no danger from our enterprise., Southfork Clubhouse, Johnstown, Pennsylvania, In the end, nothing was done andby and by, most Johnstown residents talked less and less about it. After the flood, victims suffered a series of legal defeats in their attempt to recover damages from the dam's owners. [9], Alphabetically, a complete listing of club membership included:[6]. It was a moving mass black with houses, trees, boulders, logs, and rafters coming down like an avalanche, she wrote. The South Fork Dam in Pennsylvania collapses on May 31, 1889, causing the Johnstown Flood, killing more than 2,200 people. The resulting flood wave that contained 20 million tons of water and debris caused 2,209 fatalities and became known as the "Johnstown Flood". 1889 South Fork Dam Failure. The property became South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club. . On May 31, 1889, torrential rain and subsequent flooding caused the South Fork Dam to fail near Johnstown, Pennsylvania. Between 1881 when the club was opened and 1889, this dam frequently sprang leaks and was patched, mostly with mud and straw. Next, they saw the dark cloud and mist and spray that preceded it, and were assaulted by a wind that blew down small buildings. The dam was located on Lake Conemaugh, which was an artificial body of water. People stand atop houses after the flood May 31, 1889 (Source: The Washington Post) A bout a century and a half ago, the opening of the South Fork Dam was officially inaugurated in the American . There was a control tower in the middle of the dam. Explains that hoover dam was built from 1931 to 1936 to irrigate the dry desert in the south west united states. "Cyrus Elder (1833-1912), "Johnstown Flood", National Park Service. Enter your account data and we will send you a link to reset your password. Hussey, elected as the club's only female member following her husband's death in 1884, Frank B. Laughlin secretary of the Solar Carbon and Manufacturing Company, John Jacob Lawrence paint and color manufacturer, partner of Moses Suydam, Jesse H. Lippincott associated with the Banner Baking Powder firm, Sylvester Stephen Marvin established himself in the cracker business, founding S. S. Marvin Co., centerpiece to the organization of the, Frank T., Oliver, and Walter L. McClintock associated with O. McClintock and Company, a mercantile house, James S. McCord owner of the wholesale hatters McCord and Company, W. A. McIntosh (president of the New York and Cleveland Gas Coal Company and father of, H. Sellers McKee president of the First National Bank of Birmingham, founder of, Reuben Miller Miller, Metcalf and Perkin, Crescent Steel Works, Edwin A. Meyers Myers, Shinkle and Company, H. P. Patton associated with the window glass manufacturer A. and D. H. Chambers, Benjamin F. Ruff first president of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club, tunnel contractor, coke salesman, real estate broker, Marvin F. Scaife producer of iron products through W. B. Scaife and Sons, James M. Schoonmaker J. M. Schoonmaker Coke Company, James Ernest Schwartz president of Pennsylvania Lead Company, Moses Bedell Suydam M. B. Suydam and Company, Colonel Elias J. Unger managed hotels along the Pennsylvania Railroad, second and last president of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club, did not have a military record, Calvin Wells president of Pittsburgh Forge and Iron Company. The South Fork Dam was built between 1838 and 1853 by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania to provide water for the operation of the Western Division of the Pennsylvania Mainline Canal between Johnstown and Pittsburgh. View more property details, sales history and Zestimate data on Zillow. On May 31, 1889, after several days of unprecedented rainfall, the dam gave way. The Club inadequately patched the holes from the 1862 break; never replaced the sluice pipes; lowered the top of the dam to make it wider for carriages; and put fish screens over the spillway. Lake Conemaugh was held by the dam on the side of a mountain, 450 feet higher than Johnstown. The American Society of Civil Engineers launched an investigation of the South Fork Dam breach immediately after the flood. The South Fork Dam was originally built between 18381853 by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania as part of the canal system to be used as a reservoir for the state's Main Line of Public Works canal basin in Johnstown. The club owned a private, artificial lake where they gathered in a clubhouse and private cottages to mingle and enjoy the pleasures of nature. Though the American legal system soon adopted precedents that made it possible to hold defendants liable for their modifications to land, the magnates behind the Johnstown Flood walked off scot-free. After several days of unprecedented rainfall in the Alleghenies, the dam gave way on May 31, 1889. 1857-Pennsylvania Railroad bought the entire route of the Pennsylvania Main Line Canal, including the South Fork Dam. Even before Folsom Lake Dam was built and the reservoir filled, the north fork of the American River was supplying water to communities, farms and ranches in south Placer and northeast Sacramento counties. 1862-Due to heavy rains and lack of maintenance, the South Fork Dam failed for the second time; the water in Johnstown was raised only 2-3 feet. Four square miles of downtown Johnstown was completely destroyed. Some never had a chance, as homes were immediately crushed or ripped from foundations and added to the churning rubble, ending up hundreds of yards away. According to the Association of State Dam Safety Officials (ASDSO), there have been around 1,600 dam failures in the United States since the South Fork disaster, resulting in approximately 3,500 . 4. South Fork Dam is designed as a rolled earth-filled embankment approximately 1,650 feet long, 90 feet high, with a 30-foot crest. Then enjoy free entry to the park's Lenoir Museum depicting life in Southern Appalachia from 12,000 years ago to the present day, including Native American items, tools, glassware, and ceramics. Your email address will not be published. 1842-1851-For many reasons, work was stopped and the dam was only half-completed; later studies by civil engineers concluded that this work stoppage caused damages to the South Fork Dam that led, in part, to its failure on May 31, 1889. The Johnstown Flood in rare pictures, 1889. Compiled and edited by Kathy Weiser-Alexander, updated October 2019. If so, please share it with your friends and family to help spread the word. 1854-Pennsylvania Main Line Canal went out of business. Surrounded by nearly 2 million acres of national forest, limitless historical, cultural and recreational activities await visitors. They thought the dam's location was a prime spot for a private resort. 4, riprap along dam crest) and 9.1 provide direct evidence that the dam was lowered more than 0.6 m to as much as 0.9 m by the South Fork Fishing & Hunting Club. Watching the lake rising an inch every 10 minutes, he knew that once the water ran over the top of the earthen dam, it would cut through it like a knife and the whole thing would go. The dam broke after several days of extremely heavy rainfall, releasing 14.55 million cubic meters of water. All rights reserved. Afterward, the railroad abandoned the dam, and it deteriorated. Original construction included both adult and juvenile fish passage facilities to help move fish past the dam. The corporation was disbanded in 1904, and the real estate assets were sold by the local sheriff at public auction, largely to satisfy a pre-existing mortgage on the large clubhouse. For the next eight years, the summer resort offered fishing, hunting, boating, and other recreational opportunities for club members. Our aging dams weren't built to survive today's extreme weather. After dark, however, the thirty acres of debris, at places forty feet high, that had piled up behind the bridge caught on fire and burned through the night, blanketing the ravaged town in a dark cloud of acrid smoke. The South Fork Dam was originally built between 1838-1853 by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania as part of the canal system to be used as a reservoir for the state's Main Line of Public Works canal basin in Johnstown. When it reached Johnstown, 2,209 people were killed, and there was $17 million in damage. The design engineer(s) should be involved in the construction phase of dam projects. The town's residents were used to frequent flooding when it rained heavily or when snow in the surrounding mountains melted too quickly, but they were not prepared for what happened on May 31, 1889, when the South Fork Dam collapsed. Despite some years of claims and litigation, the club and its members were never found to be liable for monetary damages. South Fork Reservoir was built in 1988 with recreation specifically in mind. The remains of the South Fork Dam from the Visitor Center area. At 4:07 p.m., Johnstown inhabitants heard a low rumble that grew to a roar like thunder. Some knew immediately what had happened: after a night of heavy rains, South Fork Dam had finally broken, sending 20 million tons of water crashing down the narrow valley. After surveying the scene, she set up hospital tents and built six Red Cross hotels for the homeless. . Oregon: Oregon Water Resources Department. On May 31, 1889, South Fork Dam near Johnstown, Pennsylvania, . There is a large pressure ridge at the mouth of Boat Cove with some less stable ice from there toward the dam. Why did they fail to evacuate, even after the warning came?, Describe the damage caused by the Johns-town Flood., In response to the flood, Carnegie reacted differently than other South Fork members. The warehouse of the Cambria Iron Works Company in the back was severely damaged. As the dam burst, a 30- to-40-foot-high wave rushed the 14 miles toward Johnstown. Central Pennsylvania, May 31, 1889: After a deluge of rainnearly a foot in less than twenty-four hoursswelled the Little Conemaugh River, panicked engineers watched helplessly as swiftly rising waters threatened to breach the South Fork dam, built to create a private lake for a fishing and hunting club that counted among its members . And wasnt the dam being maintained by some of the richest and most powerful men in America? The discharge pipes were removed and the lake level was filled up to 70 feet in places. [8], The charter members of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club, assembled by Henry Clay Frick were Benjamin Ruff, T. H. Sweat, Charles J. Clarke, Thomas Clark, Walter F. Fundenberg, Howard Hartley, Henry C. Yeager, J. (1)Mills, K. (2013). To compound the problem, the club owners and managers had erected fish screens across the mouth of the spillway which was intended to keep water from accumulating to the point of straining the dam; the screens became clogged with debris, restricting the outflow of water. Enjoying our content? Despite being both well-designed and well-built when new, it failed for the first time in 1862, and a history of negligent maintenance and alterations were later believed to have contributed to its failure on May 31, 1889. By 1889, Johnstown had grown to a town of 30,000 German and Welsh immigrants, knownfor the quality of the steel it produced. Some of the big names included Andrew Carnegie and Henry Clay Frick. Figures 4.2 (Chap. 239 S. Limestone Street On May 31, Elias Unger, who managed the club, looked outside and began to worry about the rising waters He supervised a group of Italian laborers as they frantically dug a new spillway and tried to unclog the existing one. As rescuers worked in the dark to free people, the flames spread over the whole mass, burning with all the fury of hell, according to a Johnstown newspaper account. According to records compiled by The Johnstown Area Heritage Association, bodies were found as far away as Cincinnati, and as late as 1911; 99 entire families died in the flood, including 396 children; 124 women and 198 men were widowed; 98 children were orphaned; and one-third of the dead, 777 people, were never identified; their remains were buried in the Plot of the Unknown in Grandview Cemetery in Westmont. [2], The five cast iron discharge pipes, each with an inside diameter of two feet, had previously allowed a controlled release of water. Relief efforts at the Masonic headquarters. The control tower burned down and was not replaced. On May 31, a spillway at the South Fork dam became clogged with debris due to steady heavy rain. The South Fork Dam was an earthen dam originally built between 18381853 by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania as part of the Pennsylvania Main Line canal system to be used as a reservoir for the canal basin in Johnstown. 1839-Engineer William Morris conducts another study for the state concurring with Sylvester Welch's report that the South Fork Creek was the best place for a canal feeder reservoir and, ironically, the safest location for a dam in the event of spring flooding. At the time the South Fork Dam breached in 1889 its impoundment held about 1.455 10 7 m 3 of water below a lake surface elevation of 492.56 m . 1875-Pennsylvania Railroad employee and US Congressman John Reilly, bought the South Fork Dam for $2,500.00. He chose not to do it. Investigation of the failure was conducted by the ASCE (American Societyof Civil Engineers) in 1891. A lawsuit was filed against the wealthy owners of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club for failing to properly maintain the South Fork Dam, but failed because negligence could not be proven on the part of any individual a disappointing ruling that would result in changes to liability laws in many states.

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